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What are Programming Languages to Write Smart Contracts in Ethereum?

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What are Programming Languages to Write Smart Contracts in Ethereum?

The following programming languages are available to write smart contracts in Ethereum.

  • Solidity: A procedural programming language developed in August 2014 with a syntax similar to JavaScript, C++, Python, and Eiffel (the most famous)
  • LLL (Low-level Lisp-like Language): a functional programming language with a Lisp-like syntax (the first high-level programming language for smart contracts, but now largely unused)
  • Serpent: procedural programming language with Python-like syntax (currently deprecated)
  • Vyper: a successor to Serpent developed in 2017, a contract-oriented procedural programming language with Python-like syntax
  • Bamboo: programming language with explicit state transitions developed in 2017 (currently believed to be deprecated)
  • Fe: programming language with Rust-like syntax developed in 2020 (alpha version as of 2023)
  • Huff: A low-level programming language designed for developing highly optimized smart contracts running on EVMs developed in 2022. Huff does not hide the internal structure of EVM, but instead exposes its programming stack to the developer, allowing it to be manipulated manually.

Solidity and Vyper are the leading programming languages for writing smart contracts in the above.

Solidity vs. Vyper

If you would like to learn Solidity and Vyper, read the following.

The following table is Solidity vs. Vyper!

ItemSolidityVyper
Programming Language ConceptsFlexibility (with emphasis on efficiency)Accuracy (safety is important)
Inline AssemblerAllowedNot Allowed
QualifierAllowedNot Allowed
Class Polymorphism, Multiple Inheritance, and Function and Operator OverloadingAllowedNot Allowed
Recursive Calls to FunctionsAllowedNot Allowed
Implicit CastAllowedNot Allowed
Binary Fixed-Point NumberAllowedNot Allowed (NOTE: allowed in Earlier Version)
Smart Contract File StructureNo File RestrictionComposed of Single File

There is also a detailed version-by-version comparison on the Solidity & Vyper Cheat Sheet.

Click the following to watch videos comparing Solidity and Vyper.

Summary

We introduced programming languages that can write smart contracts in Ethereum.

Solidity and Vyper are the leading programming languages for writing smart contracts.

If you would like to know the recommended job sites for Blockchain Engineers, please click the following.

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